CURRICULUM VITAE: Gary R. Blackburn, Ph.D., President PetroLabs, Inc.
EDUCATION
POSITIONS HELD
1982 - 1984 (promotion) Research Genetic Toxicologist
1984 - 1986 (promotion) Senior Research Genetic Toxicologist
1986 - 1988 (promotion) Associate Genetic Toxicologist
1988 - 1991 (promotion) Research Associate
1991 - 1993 (promotion) Senior Research Associate
EXPERIENCE AND EXPERTISE
PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS
PATENTS
PUBLICATIONS
1. Blackburn, G., Bornens, M., and Kasper, C.B. Characterization of the Membrane Matrix Derived from the Microsomal Fraction of Rat Hepatocytes. Biochim. Biophys Acta 436, 387-408 (1976).
2. Blackburn, G.R. and Kasper, C.B. Isolation and Characterization of Major Intrinsic Microsomal Membrane Proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 251, 7699-7708 (1976).
3. Blackburn, G., Barrau, M.D., and Dewey, W.C. Partial Purification of Centrosomes from Chinese
Hamster Ovary Cells. Expt. Cell Res. 113, 183-187 (1978).
4. Barrau, M.D., Blackburn, G.R., and Dewey, W.C. Effects of Heat on the Centrosomes of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells. Cancer Res. 38, 2290-2294 (1978).
5. Blackburn, G.R., Highfield, D.P., and Dewey, W.C. Studies on the Nuclear Envelope as a Radiation Sensitive Site in Mammalian Cells: The Absence of an Effect on the Binding of Nuclear Membrane-
Associated DNA. Radiat. Res. 75, 76-90 (1978).
6. Jostes, R.F., Hopwood, L.E., Dewey, W.C., and Blackburn, G.R. The Dependence of Mutation Frequency on 8-Azaguanine Concentration in Control and Irradiated CHO Cells. Mutat. Res. 50, 433-440 (1978).
7. Blackburn, G.R., Andrews, J.P., Rao, K.V.K., and Sorof, S. An Early Event Associated with Liver
Carcinogenesis Involving Loss of a Polypeptide that Binds Carcinogen. Cancer Res. 40, 4688-4693 (1980).
8. Blackburn, G.R., Andrews, J.P., Custer, R.P., and Sorof, S. Early Events during Liver Carcinogenesis Involving Two Carcinogen: Protein Complexes, Cancer Res. 41, 4039-4049 (1981).
9. Blackburn, G.R., Schnabel, S.J., Danley, J.M., Hogue-Angeletti, R.A., and Sorof, S. Principal Polypeptide Target of Carcinogen at the Beginning of Liver Carcinogenesis by Three Carcinogens. Cancer Res. 42, 4664-4672 (1981).
10. Blackburn, G.R., Deitch, R.A., Roy, T.A., Schreiner C.A., Meeks, J.R., and Mackerer, C.R. Mutagenesis of Used Gasoline Engine Oil Fractions, In: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Formation, Metabolism and Measurement, eds. M. Cooke, A.J. Dennis, and G.L. Fisher, Battelle Press,
Columbus, Ohio, pp. 113-122 (1983).
11. Blackburn, G.R., Deitch, R.A.,Schreiner, C.A., Mehlman, M.A., and Mackerer, C.R. Estimation of the
Dermal Carcinogenic Activity of Petroleum Fractions Using a Modified Ames Assay. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 1,
40-48 (1984).
12. Blackburn, G.R., Deitch, R.A., Schreiner, C.A., and Mackerer, C.R. Predicting Carcinogenicity of
Petroleum Distillation Fractions Using a Modified Salmonella Mutagenicity Assay. Cell Biol.Toxicol. 2,
63-84 (1986).
13. Roy, T.A., Johnson, S.W., Blackburn, G.R. and Mackerer, C.R.: Correlation of Mutagenic and Dermal Carcinogenic Activities of Mineral Oils with Polycyclic Aromatic Compound Content. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 10, 466-476 (1988).
14. Blackburn, G.R., Roy, T.A., Deitch, R.A., Dooley, J.F., Schreiner, C.A., and Mackerer, C.R.: Correlation of In Vitro Mutagenicity with Dermal Carcinogenicity for Complex, Petroleum Derived Mixtures. Skin Carcinogenicity Symposium Proceedings: Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen, France,
1, 158-169 (1988).
15. Blackburn, G.R., Deitch, R.A., Roy, T.A., Johnson, S.W., Schreiner, C.A., and Mackerer, C.R.
Estimation of the Dermal Carcinogenic Potency of Petroleum Fractions Using a Modified Ames
Assay. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Decade of Progress. M. Cooke and A.J. Dennis, ed., Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio 10, 83 (1988).
16. Roy, T.A., Johnson, S.W., Blackburn, G.R. and Mackerer, C.R. Estimation of Mutagenic and Dermal
Carcinogenic Activity of Petroleum Fractions Based on Polynuclear Aromatic Content. Polynuclear
Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Decade of Progress. M. Cooke and A.J. Dennis, ed., Battelle Press,
Columbus, Ohio 10, 809 (1988).
17. Dooley, J.F., Skinner, M.J., Roy, T.A., Blackburn, G.R., Schreiner, C.A., and Mackerer, C.R. Evaluation of the Genotoxicity of API Reference Unleaded Gasoline. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Decade of Progress. M. Cooke and A.J. Dennis, ed., Battelle Press, Columbus,
Ohio 10, 179 (1988).
18. Munir, K.M., Blackburn, G.R., and Sorof, S. Late Target Protein of the Carcinogen N-2-
Fluorenylacetamide in Rat Liver. Cancer Res. 48, 6745-6752 (1988).
19. Reddy, M.V., Irwin, S.E., Kommineni, C.V., Blackburn, G.R. and Mackerer, C.R. A Method for In Vitro Culture of Zymbal Glands. Use in Mechanistic Studies of Benzene Carcinogenesis in Combination with 32P-Postlabeling. Environ. Health Persp. 82, 239-248 (1989).
20. Reddy, M.V., Blackburn, G.R., Schreiner, C.A., Mehlman, M.A., and Mackerer, C.R.: 32P Analysis of DNA Adducts in Tissues of Benzene-treated Rats. Environ. Health Persp. 82, 253-258 (1989).
21. Reddy, M.V. and Blackburn, G.R. 32P-Postlabeling Assay for Carcinogen-DNA Adducts: Description of Beta-shielding Apparatus and Semi-automatic Spotting and Washing Devices that Facilitate the
Handling of Multiple Samples. Carcinogenesis 11, 683-687 (1990).
22. Reddy, M.V., Bleicher, W.T., Blackburn, G.R., and Mackerer, C.R. DNA Adduction by Phenol,
Hydroquinone, or Benzoquinone In Vitro but not In Vivo: Nuclease P1-Enhanced 32P-Postlabeling of
Adducts as Labeled Nucleoside Bisphosphates, Dinucleotides and Nucleoside Monophosphates.
Carcinogenesis 11, 1349-1357 (1990).
23. Reddy, M.V., Bleicher, W.T., and Blackburn, G.R. 32P-Postlabeling Detection of Thymine Glycols:
Evaluation of Adduct Recoveries After Enhancement With Affinity Chromatography, Nuclease P1,
Nuclease S1, and Polynucleotide Kinase. Cancer Communications 3:109-117 (1991).
24. Blackburn, G.R., Dooley, J.F. III, Schreiner, C.A., and Mackerer, C.R. Specific Identification of
Formaldehyde-Mediated Mutagenicity Using the Mouse Lymphoma L5178Y TK+/- Assay Supplemented
with Formaldehyde Dehydrogenase. In Vitro Toxicology 4:121-132 (1991).
25. Reddy, M.V., Blackburn, G.R., Bleicher, W.T., Irwin, S.E., Mehlman, M.A., and Mackerer, C.R. 32P-
Postlabeling Assays of DNA Adducts Formed In Vitro and In Vivo with Benzene and Its Metabolites: New Assays to Measure Adducts as 5'-32P-Labeled Dinucleotides and Nucleoside Monophosphates. In: Human Carcinogen Exposure: Biomonitoring and Risk Assessment, Garner, R.C., Farmer, P.B., and
Steel, G.T., eds., IRL Press, Oxford and New York (1991).
26. Irwin, S.E., Kwei, G.Y., Blackburn, G.R., Thurman, R., and Kauffman, F.C. Mutagenicity of
Benzo(a)pyrenyl-1-Sulfate in the Ames Test. Environ. Molec. Mutagen. 19, 253-258 (1992).
27. Roy, T.A., Blackburn, G.R., and Mackerer, C.R. Evaluation of Analytical Endpoints to Predict
Carcinogenic Potency of Mineral Oils. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 5, 279-287 (1994).
28. Reddy, M.V., Schultz, S.C., Blackburn, G.R., and Mackerer, C.R. Lack of DNA Adduct Formation in
Mice Treated with Benzene. Mutat. Res. Letters 325,149-155 (1994).
29. Mackerer, C.R., Angelosanto, F.A., Blackburn, G.R., and Schreiner, C.A. Identification of Formaldehyde as the Metabolite Responsible for the Mutagenicity of Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether in the Activated Mouse Lymphoma Assay. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 212, 338-341 (1996).
30. Angelosanto, F.A., Blackburn, G.R., Schreiner, C.A., and Mackerer, C.R. Benzene Induces a Dose-
responsive Increase in the Frequency of Micronucleated Cells in Rat Zymbal Glands. Environ. Health
Persp., 104, Suppl. 6, 1331-1336 (1996).
31. Roy, T.A., Blackburn, G.R., and Mackerer, C.R. Evaluation of Physicochemical Factors Affecting Dermal Penetration and Carcinogenic Potency of Mineral Oils Containing Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 10, 333-342 (1996).
32. Blackburn, G.R., Roy, T.A., Bleicher Jr, W.T., Reddy, M.V., and Mackerer, C.R. Comparison of Biological and Chemical Predictors of Dermal Carcinogenicity of Petroleum Oils. Polycyclic Aromatic
Compounds 11, 201-210 (1996).
33. Dickson, J.R., Brinkman, D.W., and Blackburn, G.R. Evaluation of the Dermal Carcinogenic Potential of Re-refined Base Stocks Using the Modified Ames Assay, PAC Analysis and the 32P-Postlabeling Assay for DNA Adduct Induction. J. Appl. Toxicol. 17, 113-117 (1997).
34. Reddy, M.V., Blackburn, G.R., Schreiner, C.A., and Mackerer, C.R. Correlation of Mutagenic Potencies of Various Petroleum Oils and Oil-Coal Tar Mixtures with DNA Adduct Levels In Vitro. Mutat. Res. 378, 89-95 (1997).
35. Dalbey, W.D. G.R. Blackburn, T.A. Roy, J. Sasaki, A.J. Kreuger, and C.R. Mackerer, Use of a Surrogate Aerosol to Assess Potential Carcinogenicity of Coal Coated with No. 6 Fuel Oil. American Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 59, 90-95 (1998).
36. Blackburn, G.R. Assessing the Carcinogenic Potential of Lubricating Base Oils. Lubrication Engineering, August, 1998.
37. Blackburn, G.R., Bleicher Jr, W.T., Fleming Jr., B.A., and Weyand, E.H. A New Indirect Method
for Detection of Metabolites of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Urine. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 17, 209 – 219 (1999).
38. Kriech, A.J., Kurek, J.T., Osborn, L.V., Blackburn, G.R., and Fehsenfeld, F.M. Biodirected
Fractionation of Laboratory-Generated Asphalt Fumes: Relationship Between Composition and Carcinogenicity. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 14&15, 189-199 (1999).
39. Kriech, A.J., Kurek, J.T., Osborn, L.V., and Blackburn, G.R. Extraction and Analysis of Asphalt
Pavement Core Samples: Detection of Coal Tar-Derived Species Using Chemical and Biological
Methods. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 16, 31-40 (1999).
40. Roy, T.A., Blackburn, G.R., and Mackerer, C.R. Processes for Reducing the Mutagenicity of
Refinery Streams and Coal Tars Via >C3-Alkylation. PolycyclicAromatic Compounds, 14&15, 241-251 (1999).
41. Blackburn, G.R., Bleicher, W.T., Glideen, S., and Reinke, G., Monitoring Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Environmental and Workplace Samples Using Conventional Methods and the Ames Mutagenicity Assay of Their Nitrated Derivatives. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 28, 533-544 (2008).
42. Osborn, L.V., Snawder, J.E., Olsen, L.D., Kriech, A.J., Cavallari, J.M., Herrick, R.F., McClean, M.D., and Blackburn, G.R. Pilot Study for the Investigation of Personal Breathing Zone and Dermal Exposure Using Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PAC) and PAC Metabolites in the Urine of Hot-MIx Asphalt Paving Workers. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 31, 173-200 (2011).
43. Trumbore, D., Osborn, L., Blackburn, G, Niebo, R., Kriech, A.J., and Maxim, L.D. Effect of Oxidation and Extent of Oxidation on Biologically Active PACs in Asphalt Products. Inhalation Toxicology, 23, 745-761 (2011).
44. Blackburn, G.R., Bleicher, W.T. Jr., Glidden, S., and Reinke, G. Effect of Temperature, Fuming Time, and Distance from Source on the Polycyclic Aromatic Compound (PAC) Content of Bitumen Fumes: Assessment Using a Laboratory Fuming Protocol in Combination with a Sensitive Method for Determining Relative Aggregate Levels of PACs in Complex Mixtures. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 32, 265-279 (2012).
45. Osborn, L.V., Snawder, J.E., Kriech, A.J., Cavallari, J.M., McClean, M.D., Herrick, R.F., and Blackburn, G.R. Personal Breathing Zone Exposures among hot-mix asphalt paving workers; preliminary analysis for trends and analysis of work practices that resulted in the highest exposure concentrations. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg., 10, 663-673 (2013).
EDUCATION
- Wilkes College (now University), Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, B.S. Degree (chemistry), magna cum laude
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, Ph.D., (Oncology), Graduate minor: organic chemistry
POSITIONS HELD
- 1974 - 1977 - Postdoctoral fellow in radiation biology, Department of Radiation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO; Recipient of National Research Service Award
- 1977 - 1981 - Research Associate in chemical carcinogenesis, The Institute for Cancer Research, The Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
- 1981 - 1989 - Adjunct Assistant Professor of Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Therapy and Nuclear Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
- 1981 - 1993 - Mobil Oil Corporation positions:
1982 - 1984 (promotion) Research Genetic Toxicologist
1984 - 1986 (promotion) Senior Research Genetic Toxicologist
1986 - 1988 (promotion) Associate Genetic Toxicologist
1988 - 1991 (promotion) Research Associate
1991 - 1993 (promotion) Senior Research Associate
- 1994 - 1995 - Stonybrook Laboratory (formerly Mobil Environmental & Health Science
- 1995 - present - Founder and President of PetroLabs Inc. Responsibility for professional consulting, testing oversight, research, business development
EXPERIENCE AND EXPERTISE
- Co-inventor of the Modified Ames Test, one of the most widely used methods for screening petroleum materials for carcinogenic potential.
- Served as project leader on $1.2 million study on the mechanism of benzene carcinogenesis.
- Instrumental in the adoption of the Modified Ames Test as an ASTM standard method (Method
E-1687). - Chairman of the Toxicology Task Force of the Asphalt Industry Environmental Oversight
Committee (1989-1997). - Consultant to the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) on the Draft Current Intelligence Bulletin on Asphalt Fumes (1993).
- Responsible for the design and implementation of Mobil Oil Corporation's worldwide Products Toxicology Testing Program (1994-1995).
- Founder and President of PetroLabs Inc., a testing and consulting firm which numbers among its
clients more than forty corporations and trade associations worldwide.
PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS
- ASTM International
- American Association for Cancer Research (emiritus)
- Sigma XI, The Scientific Research Society
- International Society for Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds
PATENTS
- Method for Evaluating Mutagenicity: G.R. Blackburn, C.R. Mackerer, C.A. Schreiner, U.S. Patent No. 4,499,187 (1985).
- Biochemical Assay of Aldehydes: G.R. Blackburn, J.F. Dooley, C.R. Mackerer, C.A. Schreiner, U.S. Patent No. 4,770,998 (1988).
- Assaying of Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds: G.R. Blackburn, C.R. Mackerer, C.A. Schreiner, Patent No. 4,891,322 (1990).
- Method for Evaluating Mutagenicity: G.R. Blackburn, C.R. Mackerer, C.A. Schreiner, Patent No. 4,943,52 (1990).
- Metalworking Fluid Composition: G.R. Blackburn, C.R. Mackerer, Patent No. 4,968,323 (1990).
- Non-Carcinogenic Bright Stock Extracts and Deasphalted Oils: G.R. Blackburn, C.R. Mackerer, N. Searle, A.E. Mekitarian, E.N. Ladov, Patent No. 5,034,119 (1991).
- Non-Carcinogenic Bright Stock Extracts and Deasphalted Oils: G.R. Blackburn, C.R. Mackerer, N. Searle, A.E. Mekitarian, E.N. Ladov, Patent No. 5,178,747 (1993).
- Non-Carcinogenic Asphalts and Asphalt Blending Stocks: G.R. Blackburn, C.R. Mackerer, and T.A. Roy, Patent No. 5,308,470 (1994).
PUBLICATIONS
1. Blackburn, G., Bornens, M., and Kasper, C.B. Characterization of the Membrane Matrix Derived from the Microsomal Fraction of Rat Hepatocytes. Biochim. Biophys Acta 436, 387-408 (1976).
2. Blackburn, G.R. and Kasper, C.B. Isolation and Characterization of Major Intrinsic Microsomal Membrane Proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 251, 7699-7708 (1976).
3. Blackburn, G., Barrau, M.D., and Dewey, W.C. Partial Purification of Centrosomes from Chinese
Hamster Ovary Cells. Expt. Cell Res. 113, 183-187 (1978).
4. Barrau, M.D., Blackburn, G.R., and Dewey, W.C. Effects of Heat on the Centrosomes of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells. Cancer Res. 38, 2290-2294 (1978).
5. Blackburn, G.R., Highfield, D.P., and Dewey, W.C. Studies on the Nuclear Envelope as a Radiation Sensitive Site in Mammalian Cells: The Absence of an Effect on the Binding of Nuclear Membrane-
Associated DNA. Radiat. Res. 75, 76-90 (1978).
6. Jostes, R.F., Hopwood, L.E., Dewey, W.C., and Blackburn, G.R. The Dependence of Mutation Frequency on 8-Azaguanine Concentration in Control and Irradiated CHO Cells. Mutat. Res. 50, 433-440 (1978).
7. Blackburn, G.R., Andrews, J.P., Rao, K.V.K., and Sorof, S. An Early Event Associated with Liver
Carcinogenesis Involving Loss of a Polypeptide that Binds Carcinogen. Cancer Res. 40, 4688-4693 (1980).
8. Blackburn, G.R., Andrews, J.P., Custer, R.P., and Sorof, S. Early Events during Liver Carcinogenesis Involving Two Carcinogen: Protein Complexes, Cancer Res. 41, 4039-4049 (1981).
9. Blackburn, G.R., Schnabel, S.J., Danley, J.M., Hogue-Angeletti, R.A., and Sorof, S. Principal Polypeptide Target of Carcinogen at the Beginning of Liver Carcinogenesis by Three Carcinogens. Cancer Res. 42, 4664-4672 (1981).
10. Blackburn, G.R., Deitch, R.A., Roy, T.A., Schreiner C.A., Meeks, J.R., and Mackerer, C.R. Mutagenesis of Used Gasoline Engine Oil Fractions, In: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Formation, Metabolism and Measurement, eds. M. Cooke, A.J. Dennis, and G.L. Fisher, Battelle Press,
Columbus, Ohio, pp. 113-122 (1983).
11. Blackburn, G.R., Deitch, R.A.,Schreiner, C.A., Mehlman, M.A., and Mackerer, C.R. Estimation of the
Dermal Carcinogenic Activity of Petroleum Fractions Using a Modified Ames Assay. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 1,
40-48 (1984).
12. Blackburn, G.R., Deitch, R.A., Schreiner, C.A., and Mackerer, C.R. Predicting Carcinogenicity of
Petroleum Distillation Fractions Using a Modified Salmonella Mutagenicity Assay. Cell Biol.Toxicol. 2,
63-84 (1986).
13. Roy, T.A., Johnson, S.W., Blackburn, G.R. and Mackerer, C.R.: Correlation of Mutagenic and Dermal Carcinogenic Activities of Mineral Oils with Polycyclic Aromatic Compound Content. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 10, 466-476 (1988).
14. Blackburn, G.R., Roy, T.A., Deitch, R.A., Dooley, J.F., Schreiner, C.A., and Mackerer, C.R.: Correlation of In Vitro Mutagenicity with Dermal Carcinogenicity for Complex, Petroleum Derived Mixtures. Skin Carcinogenicity Symposium Proceedings: Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen, France,
1, 158-169 (1988).
15. Blackburn, G.R., Deitch, R.A., Roy, T.A., Johnson, S.W., Schreiner, C.A., and Mackerer, C.R.
Estimation of the Dermal Carcinogenic Potency of Petroleum Fractions Using a Modified Ames
Assay. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Decade of Progress. M. Cooke and A.J. Dennis, ed., Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio 10, 83 (1988).
16. Roy, T.A., Johnson, S.W., Blackburn, G.R. and Mackerer, C.R. Estimation of Mutagenic and Dermal
Carcinogenic Activity of Petroleum Fractions Based on Polynuclear Aromatic Content. Polynuclear
Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Decade of Progress. M. Cooke and A.J. Dennis, ed., Battelle Press,
Columbus, Ohio 10, 809 (1988).
17. Dooley, J.F., Skinner, M.J., Roy, T.A., Blackburn, G.R., Schreiner, C.A., and Mackerer, C.R. Evaluation of the Genotoxicity of API Reference Unleaded Gasoline. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Decade of Progress. M. Cooke and A.J. Dennis, ed., Battelle Press, Columbus,
Ohio 10, 179 (1988).
18. Munir, K.M., Blackburn, G.R., and Sorof, S. Late Target Protein of the Carcinogen N-2-
Fluorenylacetamide in Rat Liver. Cancer Res. 48, 6745-6752 (1988).
19. Reddy, M.V., Irwin, S.E., Kommineni, C.V., Blackburn, G.R. and Mackerer, C.R. A Method for In Vitro Culture of Zymbal Glands. Use in Mechanistic Studies of Benzene Carcinogenesis in Combination with 32P-Postlabeling. Environ. Health Persp. 82, 239-248 (1989).
20. Reddy, M.V., Blackburn, G.R., Schreiner, C.A., Mehlman, M.A., and Mackerer, C.R.: 32P Analysis of DNA Adducts in Tissues of Benzene-treated Rats. Environ. Health Persp. 82, 253-258 (1989).
21. Reddy, M.V. and Blackburn, G.R. 32P-Postlabeling Assay for Carcinogen-DNA Adducts: Description of Beta-shielding Apparatus and Semi-automatic Spotting and Washing Devices that Facilitate the
Handling of Multiple Samples. Carcinogenesis 11, 683-687 (1990).
22. Reddy, M.V., Bleicher, W.T., Blackburn, G.R., and Mackerer, C.R. DNA Adduction by Phenol,
Hydroquinone, or Benzoquinone In Vitro but not In Vivo: Nuclease P1-Enhanced 32P-Postlabeling of
Adducts as Labeled Nucleoside Bisphosphates, Dinucleotides and Nucleoside Monophosphates.
Carcinogenesis 11, 1349-1357 (1990).
23. Reddy, M.V., Bleicher, W.T., and Blackburn, G.R. 32P-Postlabeling Detection of Thymine Glycols:
Evaluation of Adduct Recoveries After Enhancement With Affinity Chromatography, Nuclease P1,
Nuclease S1, and Polynucleotide Kinase. Cancer Communications 3:109-117 (1991).
24. Blackburn, G.R., Dooley, J.F. III, Schreiner, C.A., and Mackerer, C.R. Specific Identification of
Formaldehyde-Mediated Mutagenicity Using the Mouse Lymphoma L5178Y TK+/- Assay Supplemented
with Formaldehyde Dehydrogenase. In Vitro Toxicology 4:121-132 (1991).
25. Reddy, M.V., Blackburn, G.R., Bleicher, W.T., Irwin, S.E., Mehlman, M.A., and Mackerer, C.R. 32P-
Postlabeling Assays of DNA Adducts Formed In Vitro and In Vivo with Benzene and Its Metabolites: New Assays to Measure Adducts as 5'-32P-Labeled Dinucleotides and Nucleoside Monophosphates. In: Human Carcinogen Exposure: Biomonitoring and Risk Assessment, Garner, R.C., Farmer, P.B., and
Steel, G.T., eds., IRL Press, Oxford and New York (1991).
26. Irwin, S.E., Kwei, G.Y., Blackburn, G.R., Thurman, R., and Kauffman, F.C. Mutagenicity of
Benzo(a)pyrenyl-1-Sulfate in the Ames Test. Environ. Molec. Mutagen. 19, 253-258 (1992).
27. Roy, T.A., Blackburn, G.R., and Mackerer, C.R. Evaluation of Analytical Endpoints to Predict
Carcinogenic Potency of Mineral Oils. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 5, 279-287 (1994).
28. Reddy, M.V., Schultz, S.C., Blackburn, G.R., and Mackerer, C.R. Lack of DNA Adduct Formation in
Mice Treated with Benzene. Mutat. Res. Letters 325,149-155 (1994).
29. Mackerer, C.R., Angelosanto, F.A., Blackburn, G.R., and Schreiner, C.A. Identification of Formaldehyde as the Metabolite Responsible for the Mutagenicity of Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether in the Activated Mouse Lymphoma Assay. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 212, 338-341 (1996).
30. Angelosanto, F.A., Blackburn, G.R., Schreiner, C.A., and Mackerer, C.R. Benzene Induces a Dose-
responsive Increase in the Frequency of Micronucleated Cells in Rat Zymbal Glands. Environ. Health
Persp., 104, Suppl. 6, 1331-1336 (1996).
31. Roy, T.A., Blackburn, G.R., and Mackerer, C.R. Evaluation of Physicochemical Factors Affecting Dermal Penetration and Carcinogenic Potency of Mineral Oils Containing Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 10, 333-342 (1996).
32. Blackburn, G.R., Roy, T.A., Bleicher Jr, W.T., Reddy, M.V., and Mackerer, C.R. Comparison of Biological and Chemical Predictors of Dermal Carcinogenicity of Petroleum Oils. Polycyclic Aromatic
Compounds 11, 201-210 (1996).
33. Dickson, J.R., Brinkman, D.W., and Blackburn, G.R. Evaluation of the Dermal Carcinogenic Potential of Re-refined Base Stocks Using the Modified Ames Assay, PAC Analysis and the 32P-Postlabeling Assay for DNA Adduct Induction. J. Appl. Toxicol. 17, 113-117 (1997).
34. Reddy, M.V., Blackburn, G.R., Schreiner, C.A., and Mackerer, C.R. Correlation of Mutagenic Potencies of Various Petroleum Oils and Oil-Coal Tar Mixtures with DNA Adduct Levels In Vitro. Mutat. Res. 378, 89-95 (1997).
35. Dalbey, W.D. G.R. Blackburn, T.A. Roy, J. Sasaki, A.J. Kreuger, and C.R. Mackerer, Use of a Surrogate Aerosol to Assess Potential Carcinogenicity of Coal Coated with No. 6 Fuel Oil. American Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 59, 90-95 (1998).
36. Blackburn, G.R. Assessing the Carcinogenic Potential of Lubricating Base Oils. Lubrication Engineering, August, 1998.
37. Blackburn, G.R., Bleicher Jr, W.T., Fleming Jr., B.A., and Weyand, E.H. A New Indirect Method
for Detection of Metabolites of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Urine. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 17, 209 – 219 (1999).
38. Kriech, A.J., Kurek, J.T., Osborn, L.V., Blackburn, G.R., and Fehsenfeld, F.M. Biodirected
Fractionation of Laboratory-Generated Asphalt Fumes: Relationship Between Composition and Carcinogenicity. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 14&15, 189-199 (1999).
39. Kriech, A.J., Kurek, J.T., Osborn, L.V., and Blackburn, G.R. Extraction and Analysis of Asphalt
Pavement Core Samples: Detection of Coal Tar-Derived Species Using Chemical and Biological
Methods. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 16, 31-40 (1999).
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